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砂金礦選別的工藝流程是什么?

砂金礦的選別原則是先用重選最大限度地從原礦中回收金及其伴生的各種重礦物，繼而用重選、浮選、混汞、感選、電選等聯合作用，將金和重礦物彼此分離達到綜合回收的目的。砂金礦的選別工藝流程通常分為三個作業。
    ①洗礦作業。用水浸泡、沖洗并輔以機城攪動將被膠結的礦砂解離出來，并使礫石、砂和黏土相分離，且洗凈礫石上所黏附的黏土和金粒。洗礦作業包括碎散、篩分和脫泥三項工序。
    ②粗選作業。根據工藝流程和所用的主要設備可分為固定溜槽-搖床流程、固定或膠帶可動溜槽-跳汰機搖床流程、多段跳汰-搖床流程、離心盤選機-搖床流程等。
    ③精選作業。粗選階段得出的含金精礦，金品位在100g/t左右，重礦物多在1~2kg/t。目前處理含金粗精礦主要采用以下方法:用淘金盤人工淘出金粒后重砂丟棄;用混汞筒進行內混汞，獲得汞膏后重砂拋棄:用人工淘洗或混汞提金后，重砂集中送精選廠處理，用磁電選等方法分別回收各種重砂礦物。
35常見的金銀礦浮選工藝流程有哪幾種?
    浮選工藝流程的選擇通常是根據金銀可石的性質以及產品的規格要求來確定的，常見的原則工藝流程有以下幾種。

①浮選+浮選精礦 氯化。將含金銀石英脈的硫化礦經過評選得到少量精礦，再進行氧化處理。浮選精礦氧化與全泥氰化流程相

比，具有不需要將全部礦石細磨、節省動力消耗、廠房面積小、基建投資省等優點。

②浮選+精礦焙燒+焙砂氰化。該流程常用來處理難溶的金砷礦石、金-銻礦石和硫化物含最特別高的金-黃鐵礦等。焙燒的目的是去除對氰化過程有害的砷、銻等元素。
    ③浮選+浮選精礦火法處理。絕大多數含金銀多金屬硫化礦用此方案處理。浮選這類礦石時，金銀進入與其共生密切的銅精礦或鉛精礦中，產品稱為銅金銀精礦或鉛金銀精礦，然后將其送往冶煉廠回收金銀。
    ④浮選+浮選尾礦或中礦氰化+浮選精礦焙燒氰化。此方案用來處理碲化金、磁黃鐵礦、黃銅礦及其他硫化礦物的石英硫化礦石或含金銀黃鐵礦和磁黃鐵礦礦石，礦石中易浮的碲化金先作為精礦產出，然后為了暴露硫化礦或碲化物中的金銀礦，經過焙燒再氰化處理。因浮選后的中礦、尾礦中含有較高金銀，也需要氰化處理。
    ⑤原礦氰化+氰化尾礦浮選。當用氰化法不能完全回收礦石中與硫化礦物共生的金銀時，于氰化處理后進行浮選，可以提高金銀的回收率。國內外與有用浮選法從氰化處理的老尾礦中回收金銀的實例。
36易處理金礦石的處理方案有哪些?如何選擇?
    易處理金礦石的處理流程由混汞、重選、浮選、氰化聯合組成，其處理流程的選擇主要依據礦有性質和對產品形態的要求而定。
    用于處理這類礦石的實際生產流程很多，通常來用的有如下幾種。

①單一混汞。此流程適于處理含粗粒金的石英質原生礦石和氧化礦石。單一混汞流程的特點是流程結構簡單，投資少，生產費用低，收效快，適于小而富的金礦采用。

②混汞-重選聯合流程。此流程包括先混汞后重選或先重選后混汞兩個方案。 先混汞后重選流程適用于處想簡單含金石英球硫化物礦石，先用混汞法回收粗粒游寬金，然后用重選選出含金的重金屬硫化物精礦.先重法后混汞流程適用于處理金粒大，但表面被污染或被氧化膜包裹不宜直接混汞的礦石，以及含金量低的砂金礦石。重砂精礦必要時須經磨礦擦洗，待金粒表面潔凈時方可混汞。
    ③重選(混汞)-氰化聯合流程。這一流程適合于處理含金石英脈氧化礦石。原礦先重選，經重選富集所得精礦進行混汞;或者原礦直接進行混汞，尾礦分級，混砂分別氰化。
    ④單一浮選流程。單一浮選適用于處理金粒較細、可浮性高的硫化物含金石英脈礦石以及含有多種有價金屬(如銅、鉛、鋅)的含金硫化物礦石和含碳(石墨)礦石等。這幾種礦石采用單一浮選流程處理，能把金和其他有價金屬最大限度富集到精礦中，而且可獲得廢棄尾礦，生產成本亦很低。
    ⑤混汞-浮選聯合流程。采用這一流程的基本前提是原礦中的粗粒金可以通過廉價而快速的混汞法回收，然后混汞尾礦進行浮選。采用這一流程可以比單一浮選流程獲得較高的回收率。它除適用上述單一浮選流程所處理的礦石外，含金氧化礦石、伴生有游離金的礦石都適宜采用。
    ⑥直接氰化(全泥氰化)流程。金以細?；?/span>微細粒分散狀態產出于石英質脈石礦物中，礦石氧化程度較深，并不含Cu As、Sr、Bi及含碳物質。這樣的礦石最適用于采用直接氰化法處理。其優點是氰化物消耗少，浸出率高，生產效率高，過程易于自動控制。缺點是一次基建投資費用高，全部物料需細磨到小于0. 074mm或更細，電能消耗大。
    ⑦浮選-氰化聯合流程。對易處理礦石來說，浮選-氰化聯合流程適合于處理金與硫化物共生密切的含金石英脈礦石和石英-黃鐵礦礦石。這兩種礦石經浮選富集后，尾礦可以廢棄。精

礦用氰化法處理回收金;氰化尾礦或廢棄或作制酸原料。浮選精礦氧化比全泥氰化具有以下優點:不需將全部礦石細磨，節省動力消耗，大型設備(洗滌、攪拌等)少，廠房面積小，基建投資少。

⑧浮選-重選聯合流程。此流程以浮選法為主:適用于金與硫化物緊密共生，并只有用冶煉方法才能回收的礦石。由于浮選尾礦中尚有少量難浮的硫化物礦顆粒(多為磁黃鐵礦)，需采用搖床、溜槽和旋流器再回收。
37耗氰化劑型復 雜礦石的處理流程是什么?
    當金賦存于銀金礦中時，金的浸出速度較慢，因此也就增加了氰化劑用量，而氰化劑過多會造成某些氧化礦物和硫化物礦物之間發生一些副作用，進而導致藥耗增加，增加產品的成本，金的回收率有所降低。該類礦石的處理方案如圖3.1所示。渣漿泵

What are the other technological processes of gold placer dressing?

The separation principle of placer gold is to use gravity separation to recover gold and its associated heavy minerals from the raw ore to the maximum extent, and then use gravity separation, flotation, mercury mixing, inductive separation, electric separation and other combined actions to separate gold and heavy minerals from each other to achieve the purpose of comprehensive recovery. The technological process of gold placer separation is usually divided into three operations.

① ore washing operation. The cemented ore sand will be separated by soaking, washing with water and agitating with Mecheng, and the gravel, sand and clay will be separated, and the clay and gold particles adhered to the gravel will be cleaned. The ore washing operation includes three processes: crushing, screening and desliming.

② roughing operation. According to the technological process and the main equipment used, it can be divided into fixed chute shaker process, fixed or tape movable chute jig shaker process, multi-stage jig shaker process, centrifugal disc separator shaker process, etc.

③ selected work. The gold content of the concentrate is about 100g / T and the heavy minerals are mostly 1 ~ 2kg / T. At present, the following methods are mainly used for the treatment of gold bearing coarse concentrate: manually panning out gold particles with a gold pan and then discarding the heavy sand; mixing mercury in a mercury mixing cylinder and discarding the heavy sand after obtaining the mercury paste; after manually panning or extracting gold with mixed mercury, the heavy sand is sent to the concentration plant for treatment, and various heavy sand minerals are recovered by magnetic electric separation and other methods.

35 What are the common flotation processes for gold and silver ores?

The selection of flotation process flow is usually determined according to the properties of chrysotile and the specifications of products. The common principle process flow is as follows.

① flotation + flotation concentrate chlorination. The sulfide ore containing gold and silver quartz vein was selected to get a small amount of concentrate, and then oxidized. Flotation concentrate oxidation and all slime cyanidation process phase

It has the advantages of no need to finely grind all ores, saving power consumption, small workshop area and capital investment.

② flotation + concentrate roasting + calcine cyanidation. This process is often used to deal with refractory gold arsenic ore, gold antimony ore and sulfide containing the highest gold pyrite. The purpose of roasting is to remove arsenic, antimony and other elements harmful to the cyaniding process.

③ flotation + flotation concentrate fire treatment. The vast majority of gold and silver containing polymetallic sulphide mines are treated with this scheme. In flotation of such ores, gold and silver enter into the copper concentrate or lead concentrate closely associated with them. The product is called copper gold and silver concentrate or lead gold and silver concentrate, and then it is sent to the smelter for recovery of gold and silver.

④ flotation + flotation tailings or middle ore cyanidation + flotation concentrate roasting cyanidation. This scheme is used to treat quartz sulfide ore or auriferous pyrite and pyrrhotite ore containing gold, silver, copper and other sulfide minerals. The floatable gold telluride in the ore is first produced as concentrate, and then in order to expose the gold and silver ore in sulfide ore or telluride, it is roasted and then cyanidated. Because of the high content of gold and silver in the middle ore and tailings after flotation, cyanide treatment is also needed.

⑤ flotation of raw ore cyanide + cyanide tailings. When the gold and silver coexisting with sulfide minerals cannot be completely recovered by cyanidation, flotation after cyanidation can improve the recovery rate of gold and silver. Examples of gold and silver recovery from cyanide treated old tailings by flotation at home and abroad.

36 what are the treatment schemes for the easily treated gold ores? How to choose?

The treatment process of easy to treat gold ore is composed of mercury mixing, gravity separation, flotation and cyanidation. The selection of the treatment process is mainly based on the nature of the ore and the requirements of the product form.

There are many practical production processes used to deal with this kind of ore, usually the following are used.

① single mercury mixture. This process is suitable for the treatment of quartz primary ore and oxidized ore containing coarse gold. The single mercury mixing process is characterized by simple process structure, less investment, low production cost and quick efficiency, which is suitable for small and rich gold mine.

② combined process of mercury mixing and re concentration. This process includes two schemes: first mixing and then reselection or first reselection and then mixing The process of mixing Mercury first and then gravity separation is applicable to the simple gold bearing quartz ball sulfide ore, first the coarse-grained free gold is recovered by the method of mixing mercury, and then the heavy metal sulfide concentrate containing gold is selected by gravity separation. The process of mixing Mercury first and then gravity separation is applicable to the treatment of the ore with large gold particles, but the surface is polluted or wrapped by the oxidation film, and the placer gold ore with low gold content. If necessary, the concentrate of heavy sand must be grinded and scrubbed, and only when the surface of gold particle is clean can it be mixed with mercury.

③ combined process of gravity separation (mixed mercury) - cyanidation. This process is suitable for the treatment of gold bearing quartz vein oxidized ore. The concentrate from the gravity separation of the raw ore shall be mixed with mercury; or the raw ore shall be mixed with mercury directly, the tailings shall be graded, and the mixed sand shall be cyanidated separately.

④ single flotation process. Single flotation is suitable for the treatment of sulfide quartz vein ore with fine gold particles and high floatability, as well as gold sulfide ore and carbon (graphite) ore with various valuable metals (such as copper, lead and zinc). These ores are treated by a single flotation process, which can concentrate gold and other valuable metals into the concentrate to the maximum extent, and can obtain waste tailings with low production cost.

⑤ combined process of mixing and flotation. The basic premise of using this process is that the coarse gold in the raw ore can be recovered by the cheap and rapid mercury mixing method, and then the mixed mercury tailings can be flotation. This process can obtain higher recovery than single flotation process. In addition to the ore treated by the single flotation process, the gold bearing oxidized ore and the ore associated with free gold are suitable for use.

⑥ direct cyanidation (all slime cyanidation) process. Gold occurs in stone in the form of fine or fine particles